The overarching argument of this paper is that parliamentary digital transformation is a relatively underfunded area of work, but a vitally important one in achieving the very common overarching goals of open, accountable, inclusive and participative government. Improvements in how parliamentary digital capacity building can be done better are possible with better strategy, funding and cooperation, and when parliaments are enthusiastic and willing to take the opportunities offered to them to improve themselves.
Now more than ever, digital transformation has become essential for parliaments. Such transformation can have a significant impact in making parliaments more transparent and accountable and can enable them to leverage greater public interest and engagement in the legislative and electoral processes.
Good external digital engagement requires parliaments to review their own internal digital structures, assess where development and investment are needed, and how digital improvement will assist in achieving their goals. Differential priorities in the needs of the parliament or societal actors can form a guide, according to which specific areas for digital development might be prioritised. These steps require long-term investment, which should go in parallel with the digital transformation of the Executive. However, because a country’s digital transformation is primarily the preserve of the Executive, it can bypass the legislature and may be almost disproportionately influenced by the ruling party. Uneven digital transformation between public bodies and the legislature may weaken the profile and legitimacy of the legislature itself. Furthermore, governments that effectively restrict digital development within the legislature are essentially restricting democratic integrity.
Besides the long-term process of building and developing infrastructure, short-term pilot projects can be useful to test approaches and begin building the digital infrastructure of the future. Properly targeted funding, to achieve specified digital transformation goals, agreed in collaboration with the development agencies operating in target areas, can yield significant dividends in improving the digital democracy ecosystem. This approach can neutralise harmful, short-termist and wasteful approaches to digital deficiency, and remove the ability of the more unscrupulous parliaments to play development agencies off against each other to leverage greater rewards or resources.
Digital transformation of parliaments requires better strategy, funding and cooperation on the part of donors and implementers as parliaments are enthusiastic and willing to take the opportunities offered by digitalisation.
Header photo: Jessica Taylor / UK Parliament
What's it all about?
Report authors Julia Keutgen and Rebecca Rumbol discuss their report and its key arguments
In Nigeria, the active participation of all citizens, including Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), is a matter of right as contained in the Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities (Prohibition) Act (2018) and is crucial for a robust democracy. Despite constituting a significant portion of the population, PWDs often encounter substantial barriers that limit their involvement in political parties and governance. To address these challenges, this document establishes minimum standards for the inclusion of PWDs in the political parties, aiming to enhance accessibility, representation, and compliance with legal frameworks. Through implementing these standards, political parties can play a pivotal role in promoting equality and strengthening democratic processes in Nigeria.
This document is developed through comprehensive methodology including reviews of national and international legal frameworks, best practices from political systems that have successfully integrated PWDs, reports and case studies from disability rights organisations, electoral bodies, and input from stakeholders such as PWD advocacy groups, and political parties. Consequently, these guidelines offer practical recommendations to promote an inclusive political environment. The expected outcomes encompass the establishment of inclusive policy frameworks, practical guidelines for implementation, proposals for legislative amendments, and nationwide awareness campaigns to promote the rights and active participation of PWDs.
When political parties in Nigeria adopt these standards, they can ensure that PWDs are not only represented but also actively participate in decision-making processes, thereby enriching the democratic fabric of the nation.
The Public Debt Management Assessment Tool (PDMAT) 2.0 is an innovative framework developed by Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD) to strengthen parliamentary oversight of public debt management worldwide. It is designed to support parliaments in aligning debt management practices with international standards and promoting sustainable fiscal policies. By providing a structured and user-friendly assessment tool, PDMAT 2.0 empowers parliamentarians, parliamentary staff, and oversight bodies to evaluate and improve the transparency, accountability, and sustainability of public debt management.
This PDMAT assessment considers Nigeria’s public debt management practices against international best practices.
The 2025 accessibility audit for enhancing enforcement of the Disability Act in Nigeria’s political space, also known as the EDANPS Survey 2025, is a landscape study that aims to strengthen the enforcement of the Discrimination Against Persons with Disability (Prohibition) Act 2018. This comprehensive audit is supported by the Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD) and implemented by the Centre for Ability Rehabilitation and Employment (CARE), with the primary objective of addressing the existing gaps in enforcing the Disability Act.
Despite significant progress made since the enactment of the Disability Act, accessible political participation for persons with disabilities, politicians with disabilities, and aspiring politicians with disabilities remains a significant challenge. The EDANPS Survey 2025 provides an exhaustive examination of the accessibility challenges encountered by Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) within Nigeria’s political landscape. This study was conducted across 49 political party offices nationwide and included Focus Group Discussions/ interviews with PWDs who have vied for political office, electable positions, or held political appointments.
The report’s findings indicated that despite the passage of the Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities (Prohibition) Act 2018, significant barriers persist. Key findings include only 22.4% of surveyed buildings have accessible ramps. A mere 10.2% feature tactile signage. 55.1% of political party websites and social media platforms are inaccessible to PWDs. 80% of PwD candidates reported facing discrimination during electoral campaigns.
These statistics paint a picture of systemic exclusion that undermines Nigeria’s democratic aspirations and the legal protections promised by the Act. The report positions Nigeria at a critical juncture, highlighting the need for urgent reforms to ensure accessible and inclusive political spaces for PWDs.
Drawing inspiration from international models and benchmarks, such as the UK’s robust accessibility laws and Rwanda’s parliamentary quotas for PWDs, the report proposes actionable reforms. Recommendations span enforceable policy reforms, comprehensive infrastructure upgrades, and targeted support for PwD political aspirants.
With a population of over 200 million, including an estimated 25-30 million PWDs, Nigeria stands to gain immensely from embracing inclusivity. By addressing these issues, Nigeria can transform its political landscape, setting a precedent for disability-inclusive democracy in Africa and beyond, in line with WFD’s mission to strengthen democratic institutions worldwide. In effect, this report offers WFD a detailed blueprint to advocate systemic change, ensuring that PWDs can fully participate in shaping Nigeria’s political future.
This study evaluates the implementation status of the Disability Law across Nigerian states, examining legislative progress, assent, gazetting, and the establishment of disability commissions as key enforcement mechanisms. The findings highlight both progress and critical gaps in disability rights implementation at the state level.
Legislative status across states
States without legislative action: At the time of this report, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Ebonyi, and Rivers had not initiated any legislative process to domesticate the Disability Law. While Kwara State had previously attempted the process, it was not completed, requiring a fresh restart that has yet to commence.
States in legislative process: Benue, Borno, Katsina, and Taraba have begun legislative proceedings but have yet to pass the law, leaving persons with disabilities (PWDs) without legal protection and institutional support.
States that have passed the law but await assent: Delta, Imo, and Ogun have successfully passed the law, but the absence of gubernatorial assent has stalled its gazetting and implementation.
States that have assented but await gazetting: Adamawa, Edo, Enugu, FCT, Jigawa, Kano, Niger, and Kwara have assented to the law but are yet to gazette it or establish disability commissions, delaying its full enforcement.
Fully compliant states: Seventeen states—Abia, Anambra, Bauchi, Ekiti, Gombe, Kaduna, Katsina, Kogi, Lagos, Nasarawa, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara—have completed all four legislative stages (passage, assent, gazette, and enforcement), making them fully compliant with the Disability Law.
Implementation challenges
Despite legislative advancements, significant obstacles hinder full implementation of the Disability Law:
- Political will and commitment: Many state governments lack urgency in enacting and enforcing disability laws, resulting in slow progress.
- Awareness and sensitisation: Public understanding of disability rights remains limited, with many still engaging PWDs through a charity-based approach rather than a rights-based framework. This reinforces stigma and discrimination.
- Institutional barriers: Many states lack functional disability commissions or enforcement mechanisms which makes it difficult to track compliance. The absence of legal protections, enforcement agencies, and inclusive policies perpetuates marginalization, restricts access to opportunities, and sustains systemic discrimination.
Establishment of disability commissions
A key aspect of effective Disability Law implementation is the creation of disability commissions responsible for enforcement, advocacy, and policy execution. While some states have gazetted the establishment of such commissions, their impact remains minimal due to limited functionality and resource constraints.
Conclusion
The findings underscore the need for stronger political commitment, public awareness, and institutional capacity to fully implement the Disability Law across all Nigerian states. Ensuring the effective establishment of disability commissions and enforcement mechanisms is critical to promoting the rights and inclusion of persons with disabilities.